Workplace Sexual Harassment in Waged Agricultural Employment: A Literature Review.

Workplace sexual harassment (WSH) is a systemic problem in agricultural employment. In the United States, where most research on the topic has been conducted, studies have suggested the rate of WSH against women farmworkers may be as high as 95%. Women who are immigrants, younger, have precarious immigration status, and come from indigenous communities are particularly vulnerable to WSH. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the factors that contribute to such high rates of WSH in waged employment in the agricultural sector. To achieve this, we completed a systematic review of the empirical literature on sexual harassment in agricultural workplaces. Our review includes 29 empirical studies on WSH in agriculture, including 13 studies conducted in countries within the Global North and 16 from the Global South. The paper presents a typology of WSH in agriculture, categorizing its emotional and physical forms and describing what the literature reveals about its impacts on those who experience it. We then present our analysis of the structural and cultural factors contributing to high WSH rates in waged agricultural employment. We found that migration policies, the organizational and physical characteristics of agricultural work, the informality of employment relationships, traditional masculinity norms, and weak enforcement of workplace regulations were the principal factors facilitating high rates of WSH in agriculture. However, the study has limitations: it primarily focuses on literature in English and Spanish, risking geographical bias towards the Americas and potentially overlooking significant research in other languages or published in less accessible databases, including grey literature and regional reports. These limitations highlight the need for broader research to fill these empirical gaps, particularly from the Global South.

Molecular and entomological surveillance of malaria vectors in urban and rural communities of Benguela Province, Angola.

BACKGROUND: Malaria is a major public health problem in Angola, with Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) and An. funestus s.l. being the primary vectors. This study aimed to clarify the information gaps concerning local Anopheles mosquito populations. Our objectives were to assess their abundance, geographical dispersion, and blood-feeding patterns. We also investigated their insecticide resistance. Molecular methods were used to identify sibling species, determine the origin of blood meals, measure Plasmodium falciparum infection rates, and detect the presence of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations. METHODS: Adult mosquitoes were collected indoors using CDC light traps from nine randomly selected households at two sentinel sites with distinct ecological characteristics. The samples were collected from 1 February to 30 June 2022. Anopheles mosquitoes were morphologically identified and subjected to molecular identification. Unfed Anopheles females were tested for the presence of P. falciparum DNA in head and thorax, and engorged females were screened for the source of the blood meals. Additionally, members of An. gambiae complex were genotyped for the presence of the L1014F and L1014S kdr mutations. RESULTS: In total, 2226 adult mosquitoes were collected, including 733 Anopheles females. Molecular identification revealed the presence of Anopheles coluzzii, An. gambiae senso stricto (s.s.), An. arabiensis, and An. funestus s.s. Notably, there was the first record of An. coluzzii/An. gambiae s.s. hybrid and An. vaneedeni in Benguela Province. Plasmodium falciparum infection rates for An. coluzzii at the urban sentinel site and An. funestus s.s. at the rural site were 23.1% and 5.7%, respectively. The L1014F kdr mutation was discovered in both resistant and susceptible An. coluzzii mosquitoes, while the L1014S mutation was detected in An. gambiae s.s. for the first time in Benguela Province. No kdr mutations were found in An. arabiensis. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides valuable insights into the molecular characteristics of malaria vectors from the province of Benguela, emphasising the need for continuous surveillance of local Anopheles populations regarding the establishment of both kdr mutations for tailoring vector control interventions.

The relationship between the level of vitamin D and ruptured intracranial aneurysms among patients with high sun exposure.

Non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) accounts for 3-5% of acute strokes. Intracranial aneurysm is the most common cause of non-traumatic SAH. Vitamin D influences the cardiovascular system, including the formation and rupture of cerebral aneurysms. To evaluate the serum vitamin D level in patients living in the tropical zone who suffered aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and its correlation with demographic and neurological characteristics. This is an analytical cross-sectional study to assess the serum level of vitamin D in a study population of 99 patients treated and diagnosed with aSAH in a public hospital in Recife-PE over a period of 12 months. In the study sample, composed of individuals with high sun exposure due to the lifestyle they lead in a tropical region, we observed hypovitaminosis D (85.9%), with a median of 19.9 ng/ml, although the majority of individuals are skin with high concentration of melanin (Fitzpatrick skin type IV and V). In addition, rates of sun exposure are high to all patients (Solar Index 9.03 P50). Most individuals were female (79.8%); there was no statistical difference in solar exposure/solar index between genders. As for the neurological repercussions, there was no statistical relevance in the clinical prognostic scales evaluated. As the sample was composed mainly of individuals whose economic activity is agriculture, the values of solar index found are vastly higher than those of other studies conducted in high latitude regions. In line with the literature review, some aspects were raised with the objective of justifying such findings that go from the base of the poor diet of these individuals, the increase of melanin in the skin and genetic alterations that directs us to possible mechanisms of natural photoprotection to high sun exposure. Thus, we had a vast majority (85%) of hypovitaminosis D, which in fact makes us wonder if there is any influence of calcitriol on vitamin D receptors in vascular walls and in the cardiovascular system as a whole, which influence bleeding events of this nature. As for the neurological repercussions, measured using assessment scales (Glasgow coma scale, WFNS scale, Hunt-Hess and Fisher's tomographic scale) there was no significant difference in the results. As it is only a descriptive study, the causal relationship of the facts cannot be established. However, in a population exposed to high sun exposure and affected by aneurysmal SAH, there is a significant rate of hypovitaminosis D, which supports the hypothesis that vitamin D plays a role in vascular pathologies, such as cerebral aneurysms and SAH.

Estrategias no farmacológicas como adyuvantes para manejo del dolor agudo por punción en pediatría / Non-pharmacological strategies as adjuvants in needle associated acute pain management in pediatrics

El dolor en pediatría es un problema de salud pública que afecta al 78 % de pacientes hospitalizados y está frecuentemente asociado a punciones, por lo que es necesario un control rápido y efectivo. Existen en la actualidad estrategias psicológicas y físicas de estimulación sensorial para abordarlo. Se pretende describir el uso de estas como coadyuvantes en el manejo del dolor agudo por punción en pediatría. Se realizó una revisión narrativa de artículos originales y revisiones bibliográficas. El mecanismo del dolor involucra a las fibras C y a las fibras Aδ, que responden al dolor por punción. Entre las estrategias innovadoras se encuentra el dispositivo Buzzy®, que actúa mediante la teoría de compuerta del dolor, desviando la atención del dolor hacia un estímulo sensorial placentero (frío y vibración) que disminuye la intensidad en comparación con anestésicos locales (p < 0,001); así mismo, la realidad virtual desvía la atención del niño hacia un estímulo placentero, visual o auditivo, creando un ambiente tridimensional y produciendo analgesia por distracción en comparación al control (p < 0,05). El uso de estrategias no farmacológicas como coadyuvantes para el manejo de dolor por punción son efectivas para disminuir el dolor en el paciente pediátrico, así como el estrés y la ansiedad, tanto en los padres como en el personal de salud

Pediatric pain is a public healthcare problem present in 78 % of hospitalized patients and it is frequently associated to needles. Fast and effective controls are needed, therefore, sensory stimulation and psychological strategies have been developed. The aim of this study was to describe the use of non-pharmacological strategies as adjuvants in needle associated children pain management. A review was made searching through original articles and other reviews. Pain mechanism involves C fibers and Aδ fibers, which respond to short term needle pain. Buzzy® device is among the innovative physical strategies to relieve pain, which acts according to the pain threshold theory, diverting attention from pain to a pleasurable sensory stimulus (cold and vibration) decreasing its intensity when compared to topical anesthesia (p < 0,001). Meanwhile psychological strategies such as virtual reality divert the child's attention to a pleasant visual and auditory stimulus. It creates a tridimensional environment with an electronic device, decreasing pain while distracting the child when compared to the control group (p < 0,05). The use of innovative non-pharmacological strategies as adjuvants for needle pain management is effective decreasing children pain and reducing stress and anxiety in parents and healthcare workers

Robust Metallic Nanolaminates Having Phonon-Glass Thermal Conductivity.

Heat transfer phenomena in multilayer structures have gained interest due to their promising use in thermal insulation and thermoelectricity applications. In such systems, nanostructuring has been used to introduce moderate interfacial density, and it has been demonstrated that interfacial thermal resistance plays a crucial role in reducing thermal conductivity κ. Nevertheless, the main constraint for actual applications is related to their tiny size because they are extremely thin to establish appreciable temperature gradients. In this work, by severe plastic deformation process of accumulative roll bonding (ARB), a 250 µm thick Cu-Nb multilayer containing more than 8000 interfaces with periods below 40 nm was obtained, enabling the production of bulk metallic nanolaminates with ultralow κ. Multilayers present an ultralow κ of ∼0.81 W/mK at 300 K, which is 100 times smaller than its Cu-Nb bulk counterpart, and even lower than the amorphous lattice limit for the Cu-Nb thin film system. By using electron diffusive mismatch model (EDMM), we argue that both electrons diffusively scattering at interface and those ballistically crossing the constituents are responsible for heat conduction in the Cu-Nb multilayers at nanoscale. Hence, ARB Cu-Nb multilayers are intriguing candidate materials which can prove avenues to achieve stable ultralow κ thermal barriers for robust applications.

Levels of serum sclerostin, metabolic parameters, and periodontitis in -postmenopausal women with diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease defined by hyperglycemia, which is associated with periodontal disease and exerts an effect on bone metabolism. The aim of this study was to determine serum levels of sclerostin in postmenopausal women with diabetes and determine a possible association with periodontal disease. Sixty-one postmenopausal women (32 with diabetes and 29 without diabetes) were evaluated. Blood was collected for biochemical analysis and the determination of serum sclerostin. The participants were also submitted to a clinical examination for the evaluation of periodontal status. A total of 75.4% of the volunteers had periodontal disease and levels serum sclerostin were altered in 48.7% of the patients with diabetes. In the diabetic population, mean levels of LDL (p = 0.035) and urea (p = 0.032) were higher in the patients without periodontal disease and the plaque index was higher in those with periodontal disease (p = 0.039). The prevalence of periodontal disease and the levels serum sclerostin were high in the postmenopausal women analyzed, but the data do not allow the determination of whether periodontal disease is related to high levels of this peptide.

El problema del sobrepeso y la obesidad en la niñez y adolescencia: una mirada desde la bioética / The problem of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence: a look from bioethics / O problema do sobrepeso e a obesidade na infância e adolescência: um olhar desde a bioética

La prevención, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento del sobrepeso y la obesidad, tienen componentes bioéticos que, a juicio de los autores, no han merecido suficiente análisis. En la niñez y adolescencia este encare tiene características diferentes que en la edad adulta, que hacen necesario un análisis específico. Este trabajo se propone identificar los componentes bioéticos más importantes del encare de este problema sanitario en estas edades, introducirlos en la consideración pública, y hacer algunos aportes de carácter inicial a su análisis, que no pretenden agotar el tema. Para ubicarse en la importancia del mismo, repasa los índices que definen el sobrepeso y la obesidad en la niñez y adolescencia, su prevalencia en América Latina, Uruguay y el Mundo, y los requerimientos en alimentación y en actividad física para ellas. Luego analiza las responsabilidades que en estas dos materias la ética marca a los diversos actores sociales (padres, educadores, profesionales de la salud, productores y comercializadores de alimentos y Estado), enumera las acciones éticamente deseables que derivan de esas responsabilidades, señala la existencia de factores que las circunscriben a los ámbitos de lo posible y lo realizable, y las contrasta con algunos ejemplos de acciones éticamente reprobables que se observan en la práctica. El trabajo finaliza con un inventario de lo que en Uruguay se ha hecho en esta materia y con el análisis de en qué medida se ajusta a lo que marca la ética.

The prevention, diagnosis and treatment of overweight and obesity, have bioethical components that, in the authors' opinion, have not deserved sufficient analysis. In childhood and adolescence this approach has different characteristics than in adulthood, which makes a specific analysis necessary. This paper aims to identify the most important bioethical components of this health problem at these ages, to introduce them into public consideration, and to make some initial contributions to its analysis, which do not attempt to exhaust the topic. To focus on its importance, it reviews the indexes that define overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence, prevalence in Latin America, Uruguay and the World, and the requirements for food and physical activity for them. Then, it analyzes the responsibilities that ethics assigns to the various social actors (parents, educators, health professionals, producers and marketers of food and the State) in these two matters, lists the ethically desirable actions that derive from those responsibilities, points out the existence of factors that circumscribe them to the scopes of the possible and the achievable, and contrasts them with some examples of ethically reprehensible actions that are observed in practice. The work ends with an inventory of what it has been done in Uruguay in this area and with the analysis of the extent to which it conforms to what ethics marks.

Prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento do sobrepeso e obesidade têm componentes bioéticos, os quais, na opinião dos autores, não têm recebido análise suficiente. Na infância e na adolescência esta abordagem, por possuir características diferentes que na idade adulta, exige uma análise específica. Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar as componentes bioéticas mais importantes deste problema sanitário nessas idades, introduzi-los na consideração pública e fazer algumas contribuições iniciais para sua análise, sem pretender esgotar o assunto. Para destacar sua importância, reveem-se os indicadores que definem o sobrepeso e a obesidade na infância e na adolescência, sua prevalência na América Latina, Uruguay e o mundo e os requerimentos nutricionais e de atividade física para essas idades. Depois, analisam-se as responsabilidades que a ética impõe sobre essa matéria aos diversos atores sociais (pais, educadores, profissionais da saúde, produtores e comercializadores de alimentos e estado), enumeram-se as ações eticamente desejáveis que derivam dessas responsabilidades, assinala-se a existência de fatores que as circunscrevem aos âmbitos do possível e do realizável e comparam-se com exemplos de condutas eticamente reprováveis observadas na prática. Encerra-se o trabalho com um inventário do que foi realizado em Uruguay sobre o assunto e uma análise da medida em que isso está ajustado a ética.

[Analysis of the joint and a posteriori probability between primary empty sella, its comorbidities and audiovestibular pathology]. / Análisis de la probabilidad conjunta y a posteriori entre aracnoidocele selar primario, sus comorbilidades y enfermedad audiovestibular.

BACKGROUND: Primary empty sella is a herniation of the sellar diaphragm into the pituitary space. It is an incidental finding and patients may manifest neurological, ophthalmological and/or endocrine disorders. Episodes of vertigo, dizziness, and hearing loss, have been reported. OBJECTIVE: To determine the conditional probability, as well as the statistical dependency, through the Bayesian analysis in patients with primary empty sella and audiovestibular disorders. PATIENTS: Individuals who attended the National Rehabilitation Institute from January 2010 to December 2011, diagnosed with primary empty sella and audiovestibular disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An analysis was performed on a sample of 18 patients with a diagnosis of primary empty sella confirmed with magnetic resonance studies and who had signs of vertigo, hearing loss and dizziness. RESULTS: Of the 18 patients studied, 3 (16.66%) had primary empty sella as the only clinical evidence. In 9 patients (50%) empty sella was associated with vertigo, and 16 patients (88.88%) were diagnosed with hearing loss, with sensorineural hearing loss being the most frequent (77.77%). The intersection between the proportions of primary empty sella with the presence and type of hearing loss was calculated. Thus for sensorineural hearing loss, the calculated ratio was P(AB)=0.6912, and for conductive and mixed hearing loss the value of P(AB)=0.0493 in both cases. CONCLUSIONS: Bayesian analysis and conditional probability enables the dependence between two or more variables to be calculated. In this study both mathematical models were used to analyse comorbidities and audiovestibular disorders in patients diagnosed with primary empty sella.

[Hearing gain with binaural-bimodal adaptation in patients with a cochlear implants].

Binaural hearing allows the optimal performance of the auditory system with a better perception of the sounds that make up language and better discrimination in noisy environments. The use of binaural-bimodal stimulation includes a combination of 2 different pacing modes: a cochlear implant in one ear , and acoustic stimulation through a conventional hearing aid in the other. The aim of this study is to determine the hearing gain in patients with cochlear implant alone and hearing aid. Twenty prelingually hearing impaired patients, 11 female and 9 male subjects were recruited with mean age at implantation and 3.91 ± 1.56 years and 6.07 ± 2.18 years at the time of audiological assessment at six months post-implantation. Implanted patients were assessed per month after the surgery for the first telemetry subsequently were reassessed every month to make changes to schedules stimulation map according to the auditory responses and progress shown in speech therapy. When calculating the mean and standard deviation of the auditory response in implanted subjects, you can appreciate that in the group of patients with cochlear implant plus hearing aid using the values obtained were lower at all frequencies, indicating a higher gain using auditory hearing aid over a cochlear implant, in comparison to patients who only used the cochlear implant. Comparing auditory responses in patients implanted with and without hearing aid, statistically significant differences were observed at all frequencies except at 2 kHz, showing that there is a better discrimination in noisy environments. The patients use more AA gain greater hearing gain compared with patients who only used the IC.

Risk factors in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Although human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated lipodystrophy has been reported for more than a decade, there is still considerable uncertainty regarding the mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis. METHODS: A case-control study was performed that aimed to identify the risk factors for lipodystrophy in HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy in Pernambuco, Brazil. RESULTS: Between July and November, 2007, a total of 332 patients were enrolled in the study: 182 cases and 150 controls. The following factors were independently associated with lipodystrophy: Use of stavudine [odds ratio (OR), 4.0; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.3-6.9], use of didanosine (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.0-3.4), use of lopinavir/ritonavir for less than 3 years (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.2-1.0) and use of nucleoside/nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NTRIs) for more than 3 years (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.6-5.2). Other associated factors were: duration of antiretroviral therapy (OR, 4.3; 95% CI, 2.4-7.9) and duration of HIV infection (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.8-4.7). There was no association with the use of protease inhibitor when it was adjusted for the use of NRTIs. CONCLUSION: In this study, factors related to antiretroviral therapy were the main risk factors for lipodystrophy, corroborating the literature, but the findings also point to the need for further exploration into some of these associations, especially with the use of didanosine and lopinavir/ritonavir, which are less frequently reported. Future studies with a larger number of patients and a prospective design could provide valuable information for understanding this disorder.

Espessamento do complexo médio íntimal das carótidas em pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus do tipo 2 e sua relação com fatores de risco cardiovascular e complicações vasculares / Carotid intimal-medial thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its relationships with cardiovascular risk factors and vascular complications

Objetivo: Determinar o espessamento do complexo médio-íntimal (ECMI) das carótidas em pacientes portadores de diabetes tipo 2 e sua relação com fatores de risco cardiovascular e complicações vasculares do diabetes mellitus. Material e Métodos: Corte transversal com amostra de demanda onde 118 indivíduos foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo A (n igual 64), portadores de diabetes tipo 2 e grupo B, sem essa condição. Todos foram submetidos ao Ecodoppler de carótidas para medida do ECMI e comparação dos resultados. Resultados: A presença do ECMI foi observada nos pacientes do grupo A quando comparados aos do grupo B (p menor 0,001), com expressividade proporcional ao tempo de duração da doença. Em relação às complicações microvasculares do diabetes e às doenças cardiovasculares associadas, houve correlação apenas com a neuropatia periférica do tipo sensitiva. A presença de placas ateroscleróticas...

Correlação entre os níveis de proteína C reativa ultra-sensível e as características clínicas e laboratoriais em mulheres com síndrome do ovário policístico / Correlation of high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels and clinical and laboratory parameters in polycystic ovary syndrome patients

OBJETIVO: avaliar a concentração plasmática da proteína C reativa ultra-sensível (PCRus) e a sua correlação com variáveis clínicas, hormonais e metabólicas em pacientes portadoras da síndrome do ovário policístico (SOP). Métodos: estudo transversal, que incluiu 46 pacientes portadoras de síndrome do ovário policístico, diagnosticadas segundo os critérios de Rotterdam (2003), e 44 pacientes controle, que foram submetidas a dosagem da PCRus. O índice de massa corporal (IMC), a idade, a circunferência abdominal e os níveis de insulina de jejum, de testosterona, do HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance) e do colesterol total, além de frações foram correlacionados aos níveis de PCR, utilizando-se análise de regressão multivariada. RESULTADOS: as portadoras da SOP apresentavam idade, IMC, circunferência abdominal, insulina de jejum, HOMA-IR, colesterol total e lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) em concentrações plasmáticas superiores às do controle. Houve diferença significante nos níveis da PCRus entre o grupo da SOP (2,7±2,17 mg/dL) e o controle (1,6±1,49 mg/dL), p<0,05. Quando os níveis da PCRus foram categorizados em baixo (<1,0 mg/L), médio (1-3,0 mg/L) e elevado (3,0 mg/L) risco cardiovascular, 28,3 por cento das portadoras da SOP apresentaram níveis da PCRus para baixo risco, 34,8 por cento para médio e 37 por cento para elevado risco cardiovascular. A prevalência da síndrome metabólica foi mais elevada entre as portadoras da SOP (30,4 por cento), quando comparadas ao grupo controle (6,8 por cento). Após o ajuste das variáveis de confusão, por um modelo de regressão linear multivariada stepwise, a presença da SOP mostrou efeito independente das outras variáveis sobre os níveis da PCRus. CONCLUSÕES: os níveis da PCRus foram mais elevados nas mulheres portadoras da SOP. A SOP tem efeito independente na determinação dos níveis plasmáticos da PCR.

PURPOSE: to evaluate the ultra-sensitive C-Reactive Protein level (us-CRP) in patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), and the correlation of clinical and laboratory parameters with the us-CRP level. Methods: in this cross-sectional study, 46 women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, according to the Rotterdam criteria, and 44 control women have been included. Serum was analyzed for C reactive protein (CRP) levels. Body mass index (BMI), age, circumference waist, HOMA-IR, total, low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, testosterone and insulin levels were correlated to CRP level through a linear regression model. RESULTS: PCOS patients not only were older and had higher BMI, but their waist circumference, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, total and LDL cholesterol were also higher, as compared to the women from the control group. A significant difference was observed in the us-CRP level between the PCOS (2.7 mg/dL±2.17) the control (1.6 mg/dL±1.49) groups. When us-CRP levels were categorized as of low (<1.0 mg/L), moderate (1-3.0 mg/L) and high (3.0 mg/L) risk for cardiovascular episodes, only 28.3 percent women with PCOS had us-CRP levels defined as low, 34.8 percent as moderate and 37 percent as high risk. The prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome was higher in the women with PCOS (30.4 percent) than in the women from the control group (6.8 percent). Through a stepwise linear regression model, only waist circumference, presence of metabolic syndrome and age had a confounding effect in the relation between us-CRP and PCOS. After adjustment for confounding factors, PCOS showed an independent effect on us-CRP level. CONCLUSIONS: the us-CRP levels were higher in the PCOS women than in the healthy controls. By a regression model, PCOS showed an independent effect on us-CRP level.

Los ensueños en terapia gestáltica / Dreams and gestalt therapy

Se describe el ensueño a través de los tiempos y el significado que tiene y tuvo según las épocas y las culturas. Se enfoca la teoría general de los ensueños desde Hipócrates hasta nuestros días, así como su interpretación, tanto del punto de vista psicológico como religioso y cultural. Se hace énfasis en la función terapéutica de los ensueños, tanto en la terapia freudiana como la jungiana y la gestáltica. Reflexiona sobre los aportes de Freud, Jung y Perls, ampliando los conceptos del ensueño de la terapia gestáltica, que considera el ensueño: como el camino real a la integración, siendo la producción humana más espontánea de la existencia. El ensueño es la expresión que nos llega sin intención, voluntad y deseo. El ensueño más absurdo no nos impacta en el mismo momento como algo absurdo, se siente como verdadero. El ensueño es mucho más que un deseo inconcluso, es un mensaje existencial muy claro acerca de lo que falta en nuestras vidas, lo que se evita hacer y vivir. Se ilustra el ensayo con un trabajo de ensueño con una paciente en la Clínica de Día, del Hospital Guillermo Almenara, empleando las técnicas gestálticas. El ensayo se circunscribe a una apreciación de la filosofía y praxis gestáltica sobre los ensueños.

Prevalência de osteoporose, fraturas vertebrais, ingestão de cálcio e deficiência de vitamina D em mulheres pós-menopausa / Prevalence of osteoporosis, vitamin D deficiency, low clacium intake, and vertebral fracture in postmenopausal women

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a prevalência de osteoporose, como também de deficiência de vitamina D, de baixa ingestão de cálcio, e de fraturas vertebrais, em mulheres na pós-menopausa. Estudamos 627 mulheres com idade acima de 50 anos, com média de idade foi de 63.9 ± 8.3 anos, tempo de menopausa de 16.2 ± 8.6 anos, e índice de massa corpórea de 26.6 ± 4.3 Kg/m2. A prevalência de osteoporose foi de 28.8 por cento na coluna lombar e de 18.8 por cento no colo do fêmur. A prevalência foi maior nas pacientes que apresentaram história de fraturas quando jovens. Na faixa entre 60 a 69 anos 33.2 por cento tinham osteoporose na coluna lombar e 17.4 por cento no colo do fêmur. Entre 70 e 79 anos, 38.2 por cento na coluna lombar e em 34 por cento no colo do fêmur. Das pacientes com mais de 80 anos 54.5 por cento tinham osteoporose na coluna lombar e 72.7 por cento no colo do fêmur. Em 32 por cento a ingestão de cálcio foi considerada baixa. A média de 25OH-D sérica foi de 31.2 ± 7.4 ng/ml, sendo que 24 por cento tinham níveis abaixo de 20 ng/ml, 19.7 por cento entre 20 e 25 ng/ml, e 56 por cento acima de 25 ng/ml. Trinta e sete por cento tinham fraturas, sendo que 9 por cento tinham fraturas grau I, e 10.9 por cento tinham farturas severas.Em mulheres na pós-menopausa, verificamos uma alta taxa de prevalência de osteoporose, de fraturas vertebrais assintomáticas, de deficiência de vitamina D, e de baixa ingestão de cálcio.

Hemólisis en muestras de sangre de neonatos e infantes / Hemolysis in blood samples from neonates and infants

En el presente trabajo se estudia, mediante el método de Crosby y Furth, el grado de hemólisis producida en muestras de sangre obtenidas en neonatos e infantes gravemente enfermos. Según el lugar de obtención de las muestras se obtuvieron los siguientes valores promedio de Hb en suero y su desviación estánder (SD). Talón N = 39 Hb = 0,9413 g/l; SD = 0,4921 g/l Dedo (neonato, 23 casos) N = 23 Hb = 0,7960 g/l; SD = 0,4990 g/l Dedo (niños edad promedio 12,5 meses) N = 14 Hb = 0,2936 g/l; SD = 0,1672 g/l Arteria umbilical, N = 14 Hb = 0,4361 g/l; SD = 0,2509 Sangre venosa adulta N = 40 Hb = 0,1786 g/l; SD = 0,1378 g/l En nuestras condiciones de trabajo, no influyen sobre el grado de hemólisis, la velocidad y tiempo de centrifugado ni la bilirrubina; pero sí lo hacen el hematocrito superior a 0,45 y la edad del paciente